1. Social-political movement emerged in the USA in 1960s. Active participation in the war, moving to the cities, and growth of national liberation movement in colonies and dependent countries contributed to the growth of consciousness of black people. Youth denied the values of consumer society; it was for simplicity of life. The struggle for university reform grew in the movement against the Vietnam War.
2. Malcolm X was inspired by Marcus Harvey and his concept of “black nationalism”. Being in prison, he met a spiritual leader of the Islam Nation, Elijah Muhammad, who acquainted Malcolm with religion and changed his life. According to Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton, on June 28, 1964, Malcolm X founded the Organization for Afro-American Unity (OAAU), championing orthodox Islamic faith, socialism, and anticolonialism (Rucker & Upton 769).
3. Stokely Carmichael was the chairman of SNCC. He was a supporter of radical ideas and actions. Finally, SNCC changed. Its members spoke about the need to burn the courts and let the white blood flow with the black. As a result, the two main factions formed within the SNCC: one shared the view of Carmichael, while the other listened to the previous chairman, James Foreman. A key point of contention was nature of relations with African countries.
4. Black Panther Party was Afro-American organization that promoted the civil rights of black people. According to Mumia Abu-Jamal, “the Black Panther Party made (white) Americans feel many things, but safe wasn’t one of them” (Mumia 7). Black Panther Party demanded freedom and full employment for black people. Besides the fact that the program included prison reform, this meant freedom for all black people held in prisons. The activities of the party were getting uncontrolled, and the state strangled their power. As a result of their disintegration, organized crime got ahead.
5. Kerner Commission stated that white racism was the main cause of urban riots. White America had a responsibility for black rioting. The commission recommended creating new jobs, building new housing, providing necessary services, and hiring more sensitive police.
6. After 1965, Martin Luther King gave his attention not only to racism, but also to the problem of unemployment, hunger and poverty in America. King realized that the racial discrimination was closely linked with poverty problem.
7. The Moynihan Report was focused on the deep roots of black poverty in America. Its inference was that the matriarchal structure of black culture reduces crime, indigent academic performance and the breakdown of family structure. The main criticism concerning this report came from blacks and liberals. They claimed that it stereotyped black people and their culture.
1. In early U.S. history, laws protected Whites rights. The violence on Blacks was normal. Racial groups were treated more harshly.
2. The fight against drugs was expensive, both financially and in the number of lives. This war had little effect on the reduction of drug use. Shattered families, criminalization of society, murders, and economic crisis were results of the war.
1. Social-political movement emerged in the USA in 1960s. Active participation in the war, moving to the cities, and growth of national liberation movement in colonies and dependent countries contributed to the growth of consciousness of black people. Youth denied the values of consumer society; it was for simplicity of life. The struggle for university reform grew in the movement against the Vietnam War.
2. Malcolm X was inspired by Marcus Harvey and his concept of “black nationalism”. Being in prison, he met a spiritual leader of the Islam Nation, Elijah Muhammad, who acquainted Malcolm with religion and changed his life. According to Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton, on June 28, 1964, Malcolm X founded the Organization for Afro-American Unity (OAAU), championing orthodox Islamic faith, socialism, and anticolonialism (Rucker & Upton 769).
3. Stokely Carmichael was the chairman of SNCC. He was a supporter of radical ideas and actions. Finally, SNCC changed. Its members spoke about the need to burn the courts and let the white blood flow with the black. As a result, the two main factions formed within the SNCC: one shared the view of Carmichael, while the other listened to the previous chairman, James Foreman. A key point of contention was nature of relations with African countries.
4. Black Panther Party was Afro-American organization that promoted the civil rights of black people. According to Mumia Abu-Jamal, “the Black Panther Party made (white) Americans feel many things, but safe wasn’t one of them” (Mumia 7). Black Panther Party demanded freedom and full employment for black people. Besides the fact that the program included prison reform, this meant freedom for all black people held in prisons. The activities of the party were getting uncontrolled, and the state strangled their power. As a result of their disintegration, organized crime got ahead.
5. Kerner Commission stated that white racism was the main cause of urban riots. White America had a responsibility for black rioting. The commission recommended creating new jobs, building new housing, providing necessary services, and hiring more sensitive police.
6. After 1965, Martin Luther King gave his attention not only to racism, but also to the problem of unemployment, hunger and poverty in America. King realized that the racial discrimination was closely linked with poverty problem.
7. The Moynihan Report was focused on the deep roots of black poverty in America. Its inference was that the matriarchal structure of black culture reduces crime, indigent academic performance and the breakdown of family structure. The main criticism concerning this report came from blacks and liberals. They claimed that it stereotyped black people and their culture.